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139
VALORACIÓN
ECONÓMICA
DEL AGUA DE
ACUERDO CON
EL USO
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Cómo citar este artículo:
Campos, E. & Cuadrado, G., (Enero – Diciembre 2023). Valoración económica del agua de acuerdo con el uso. Tierra Innita (9), 136-161.
https://doi.org/10.32645/26028131.1248
Introducción
La conferencia de Río + 10, la Agenda 21 y los principios de Dublin, a nivel internacional, reconocen
al agua como un bien económico. Dicha armación, aunque aceptada no es totalmente comprendida.
Un medio de entenderlo es haciéndose la pregunta ¿Por qué deben hacerse estimados de los benecios
económicos o del valor económico del agua? (Roas, 2006). La respuesta se relaciona directamente
con el factor “toma de decisiones”. Estas pueden ser para inversiones, alternativas no estructurales o
políticas relativas al recurso hídrico. El agua en sus condiciones naturales tiene un valor económico,
el mismo se expresa como Valor Económico Total, derivado de su valor de uso directo (riego,
industria, recreación, etc.), valor de uso indirecto (hábitat, depurador de contaminantes, etc.), valor
de no uso de existencia y legado (bellezas escénicas, sitios culturales, sitios históricos) y valor de
opción (hábitat de biodiversidad, potencial uso y no uso) (Roas,2006). El costo del agua se compone
de los costos de capital, operación, mantenimiento, conabilidad del abastecimiento, costo de
oportunidad y los costos de las externalidades impuestas a la sociedad por su aprovechamiento
(Roas, 2006). Esto puede resultar incomprensible si no se relaciona con aspectos como el papel
del agua como bien intermedio (agua de riego), como bien privado (uso doméstico) y bien público
(recreación, calidad, papel en las inundaciones, hábitat, belleza escénica, entre otros).
Entender el papel del agua para la sociedad, y por ende su valor económico, ayuda a
descifrar la importancia de su valoración (Roas, 2006). Conocidas las implicaciones teóricas de la
importancia de la valoración económica del recurso hídrico existen diferentes métodos para medir
el valor del agua dependiendo su uso, para lo cual se debe denir la población, el alcance del
estudio y la selección de la técnica de valoración apropiada. (Fontana et al., 2023) en su estudio
adoptó una perspectiva de valoración integradora de los servicios ecosistémicos, aplicando el
análisis de decisiones multicriterio (MCDA) a cuatro lagos de montaña ejemplares del Tirol del
Sur (Italia) en la cual, con la participación de las partes interesadas, identicó cinco servicios
ecosistémicos de especial importancia: hábitat, estética, aguas superciales, ocio y representación.
El fuerte crecimiento de la población mundial durante los últimos siglos ha provocado
cambios en la producción de alimentos. En la agricultura, su consecuencia más evidente es el
monocultivo, que prevalece sobre otras prácticas agrícolas, a pesar de derivar en un agotamiento
de la biodiversidad y la resiliencia. Así, la agricultura se enfrenta actualmente a importantes
retos medioambientales, más allá de la creciente demanda de alimentos (Alcon et al., 2020).
El estudio de Valoración de mercado de la calidad del agua, aborda preferencias espacialmente
heterogéneas utilizando GIS y un modelo logit de parámetros aleatorios, analizando la distribución espacial
de los benecios de la política agroambiental teniendo implicaciones importantes para la asignación
eciente del esfuerzo de gestión (Tait, 2012). La Valoración económica de los usos domésticos del
agua, incluye que hay muchas razones de preocupación sobre la calidad del agua para uso doméstico
y recomendando que los objetivos estratégicos de las tarifas del agua deben incluir el ahorro, la gestión
eciente y la equidad para optimizar la disponibilidad de agua de la mejor calidad (Justes, 2014).
Materiales y Métodos
Al ser un artículo de revisión se realizó un análisis de metadatos en la plataforma Scopus donde se
utilizó las palabras valoración, económica, agua, se aplicó restricciones en relación a: periodicidad
desde el año 2010 hasta la actualidad, limitado a ciencias ambientales, economía econometría y